- WELCOME TO THE VIDEO TUTORIAL FOR OSMOSIS AND TONICITY.
SO THIS IS AN IMPORTANT TOPIC
BECAUSE IT'S RELATED TO OUR CELL MEMBRANES.
OUR CELL MEMBRANES ARE STRUCTURES
THAT ACT AS BARRIERS BETWEEN TWO ENVIRONMENTS,
THE INSIDE OF THE CELL AND THE OUTSIDE OF THE CELL.
AND OUR CELL MEMBRANES ARE ACTUALLY SEMI-PERMEABLE,
WHICH MEANS THEY ALLOW THE PASSAGE
OF CERTAIN MOLECULES AND IONS ACROSS THE MEMBRANE
WHILE PREVENTING THE PASSAGE OF LARGER MOLECULES.
SO BEFORE WE CAN GET TO THE TOPIC OF OSMOSIS
AND TONICITY, WE NEED TO BACK UP TO THE IDEA OF DIFFUSION.
DIFFUSION IS A SPONTANEOUS PROCESS OF RANDOM MOTION
THAT CAUSES A SYSTEM TO DECAY TOWARDS UNIFORM CONDITIONS.
BASICALLY THE UNIVERSE WANTS EVERYTHING TO BE THE SAME,
SO WHEN WE TALK ABOUT DIFFUSION WE'RE FOCUSING ON THE SOLUTE.
SO HERE WE WILL HAVE A FULLY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE.
IF WE START THIS WOULD BE TIME ZERO, RIGHT.
SO WE HAVE AN INITIAL SYSTEM WHERE WE HAVE A SUGAR SOLUTION.
SO HERE ON THE LEFT WE HAVE A HIGH SOLUTE CONCENTRATION.
AND ON THE OTHER SIDE WE HAVE WATER.
SO WHAT DIFFUSION SAYS IS THAT THESE SUGAR MOLECULES ARE
GOING TO MOVE FROM HIGH CONCENTRATION
TO LOW CONCENTRATION.
AND SO THEN IF WE COME BACK LATER IN TIME
WE WILL FIND THAT BOTH SIDES--
WE'LL FIND LATER IN TIME THAT BOTH SIDES
WE WILL NOW HAVE A UNIFORM SUGAR SOLUTION,
SO NOW THESE CONCENTRATIONS WILL BE THE SAME, RIGHT.
AND SO THE SQUARE BRACKETS REPRESENT CONCENTRATION,
SO SAME SUGAR CONCENTRATION ON EACH SIDE, ALRIGHT.
SO THAT'S THE NATURAL TENDENCY OF ANY SYSTEM.
ANY SUBSTANCE
IN HIGH CONCENTRATION IS GOING TO WANT TO MOVE BY DIFFUSION
TO CREATE A UNIFORM CONCENTRATION LEVEL.
SO NOW WE WILL BRING IN THE IDEA
OF CREATING A SIMI-PERMEABLE MEMBRANE,
AND THAT IS HOW WE CAN WORK WITH THE IDEA OF OSMOSIS.
SO OSMOSIS, NOW WE'RE WORKING
WITH THE SEMI-PERMEABLE MEMBRANE, THE S.P.M.,
AND SO OSMOSIS IS GOING TO FOCUS ON THE MOVEMENT
OF THE SOLVENT, RIGHT.
SO THE SOLVENT MOLECULES ARE GOING TO MOVE
FROM THE DILUTE SOLUTION TO THE MORE CONCENTRATED SOLUTION.
AND SO THIS CAN SEEM BACKWARDS,
BUT IF WE THINK ABOUT IT OSMOSIS HAS TO FOCUS ON THE SOLVENT
BECAUSE THE MOVEMENT
OF THE SOLUTES ARE RESTRICTED BY THE SEMI-PERMEABLE MEMBRANE.
SO WHEN WE THINK ABOUT A DILUTE SOLUTION
A DILUTE SOLUTION HAS A HIGH SOLVENT CONCENTRATION,
AND THE CONCENTRATED SOLUTION
HAS THE LOW SOLVENT CONCENTRATION.
SO NOTICE THAT WE ARE STILL FOLLOWING
THE PATTERN OF DIFFUSION,
HIGH CONCENTRATION TO LOW CONCENTRATION.
IT'S JUST OSMOSIS CAN BE A BIT CONFUSING
BECAUSE WE'RE FOCUSING ON THE SOLVENT.
NOW, OSMOSIS LEADS US TO THE IDEA OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE.
AND SO THE IDEA
OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE IS BECAUSE OSMOSIS IS A SPONTANEOUS PROCESS
JUST LIKE DIFFUSION WE DON'T HAVE TO PUT ANY ENERGY IN,
IT JUST HAPPENS SPONTANEOUSLY.
SO OSMOTIC PRESSURE WOULD BE THE AMOUNT
OF PRESSURE REQUIRED TO COUNTERACT OSMOSIS,
BUT IT'S ALSO IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT OSMOSIS
CANNOT CONTINUE INDEFINITELY
BECAUSE GRAVITY PREVENTS THE DIFFERENCES IN LEVELS
FROM BECOMING TOO GREAT.
SO EVENTUALLY OSMOSIS WILL STOP, ALL RIGHT.
SO LET'S HAVE SOME DIAGRAMS NOW
TO EXPAND ON THESE DEFINITIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS
WE JUST DISCUSSED, RIGHT.
SO IF WE HAVE PURE WATER, RIGHT,
THIS IS CONSIDERED THE DILUTE SOLUTION,
RIGHT, BECAUSE THIS IS FOCUSING ON THE SOLUTE.
BUT IN TERMS OF SOLVENT THIS HAS THE HIGH SOLVENT CONCENTRATION,
ALL RIGHT.
AND THEN HERE WE HAVE A SUCROSE SOLUTION ON THIS SIDE.
SO THE SUCROSE IS REPRESENTED BY THE HEXAGON,
AND THEN THE SQUARES ARE HARD TO READ,
BUT THOSE ARE REPRESENTING THE WATER.
SO OSMOSIS IS RIGHT HERE, OUR SEMI-PERMEABLE MEMBRANE.
AND SO THE WATER IS ABLE TO MOVE BACK
AND FORTH ACROSS THE MEMBRANE,
BUT OUR SOLUTE IS BLOCKED.
IT CANNOT GET THROUGH.
SO THIS WOULD BE--
WE HAVE SUGAR OVER HERE,
SO THIS IS OUR HIGH CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTE.
SO A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTE CORRESPONDS
TO A LOW CONCENTRATION OF SOLVENT.
SO THAT WE CAN SEE OVER TIME, RIGHT, THE NET FLOW
OF WATER IS GOING TO BE FROM THE HIGH SOLVENT CONCENTRATION
TO THE LOW SOLVENT CONCENTRATION.
SO OSMOSIS OCCURS TO THE RIGHT.
AND NOW THIS IS LIKE A BLOWUP OF THIS MEMBRANE.
SO NOW IF WE BACK AWAY FROM OUR DIAGRAM
TO LOOK AT THE SOLUTION WE SEE HERE AT OUR INITIAL TIME,
RIGHT, WE HAVE OUR LOW SOLUTE CONCENTRATION
AND OUR HIGH SOLUTE CONCENTRATION.
AND SO THE WATER MOVES TO THE RIGHT BY OSMOSIS,
AND SO WHEN WE COME BACK LATER
IN TIME WE SEE THAT THE SOLUTION LEVEL HAS RISEN, RIGHT.
SO NOW THIS IS A LOWER SOLUTE CONCENTRATION.
ONCE AGAIN, MOTHER NATURE
OF THE UNIVERSE WANTS TO CREATE HOMOGENEITY.
SO THIS IS THE PROCESS OF OSMOSIS.
NOW, BECAUSE OSMOSIS IS FOCUSING ON THE SOLVENT
WE HAVE TO APPLY OUR UNDERSTANDING
OF IONIC AND COVALENT COMPOUNDS TO THE SOLUTION TO BE ABLE
TO MAKE PREDICTIONS ABOUT THE FLOW OF THE WATER,
THE OSMOSIS.
SO THE SOLUTE CONCENTRATIONS ARE
DETERMINED FROM THE TOTAL NUMBER OF DISSOLVED PARTICLES.
NOW, PARTICLES MAY SEEM LIKE A STRANGE WORD TO USE HERE.
IT'S BECAUSE THE SOLUTES CAN BE CATIONS, ANIONS,
OR COVALENT MOLECULES, RIGHT.
SO, FOR EXAMPLE, RIGHT, IF WE HAD SODIUM BY CARBONATE,
AND AS A SOLID, WHEN WE DISSOLVE THAT IN SOLUTION,
RIGHT, IT MAKES A SODIUM ION
AND A BICARBONATE ION, ALL RIGHT.
SO ONE FORMULA UNIT OF SODIUM
BY CARBONATE CREATES TWO SOLUTE IONS.
SO THE ONE FORMULA UNIT--
THE ONE FORMULA UNIT CREATES TWO SOLUTE IONS BECAUSE,
REMEMBER, IF THIS STATEMENT IS A PROBLEM
FOR YOU THERE IS A VIDEO TUTORIAL
ON IONIC COMPOUNDS THAT WILL
HELP YOU WITH YOUR UNDERSTANDING OF WHAT I JUST WRITTEN.
SO NOW IF WE COMPARE THIS TO A COVALENT COMPOUND,
FOR EXAMPLE, IF WE HAD ETHANOL, WHICH IS A LIQUID,
SO IF WE ADD THAT TO A WATER SOLUTION, RIGHT,
THIS IS A COVALENT COMPOUND, SO ALL OF THE ATOMS
IN THIS MOLECULE WILL STILL BE TOGETHER.
SO HERE WE HAVE ONE MOLECULE
AND IT PRODUCES ONE SOLUTE MOLECULE.
SO IT'S VERY IMPORTANT,
RIGHT, IONIC COMPOUNDS, RIGHT,
VERSUS COVALENT COMPOUNDS.
SO WHEN WE'RE LOOKING AT OSMOSIS
YOU NEED TO APPLY YOUR UNDERSTANDING
OF IONIC VERSUS COVALENT COMPOUNDS
TO WHAT HAPPENS IN THE ACTUAL SOLUTION.
SO LET'S PRACTICE THIS A LITTLE BIT
BEFORE WE GET DOWN TO THE HEART OF OSMOSIS AND TONICITY.
SO HOW MANY MOLES OF SOLUTES ARE FOUND IN ONE LITER
OF A 0.20 MOLAR SODIUM BY CARBONATE SOLUTION?
ALL RIGHT, SO MOLARITY,
IF YOU'RE UNFAMILIAR WITH THE CONCEPT
OF MOLARITY IN THE UPPERCASE END
THERE IS A VIDEO TUTORIAL ON SOLUTION CONCENTRATIONS
AND A SECOND TUTORIAL ON MOLARITY.
SO THE THING TO KEEP IN MIND
HERE IS WE HAVE 0.20 MOLES OF CALCIUM BY CARBONATE,
RIGHT, PER ONE LITER OF SOLUTION, ALL RIGHT.
SO THAT'S WHAT THAT UPPERCASE M FOR MOLARITY IS TELLING US.
SO WE TAKE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF CONCENTRATION UNITS
AND NOW WE APPLY IT.
SO WE KNOW THAT IN THIS SOLUTION,
RIGHT, WE'RE GOING TO HAVE FOR EVERY 0.2 MOLES
HERE WE WILL GET 0.2 MOLES OF CALCIUM IONS, RIGHT.
BECAUSE WE'RE IN A 1:2 RATIO,
BUT THEN WE'RE GOING TO HAVE TWO FORMULA UNITS
OF THE BICARBONATE, RIGHT.
SO WE HAVE THE 0.20 MOLES,
BUT THEN WE HAVE TWO OF THE BICARBONATES.
SO OVERALL WE WILL HAVE THE 0.20 MOLES OF THE CALCIUM,
AND THEN BECAUSE THERE ARE
TWO BICARBONATE IONS RELEASED FROM EVERY FORMULA UNIT
OF CALCIUM BICARBONATE WE'RE GOING TO HAVE 0.40 MOLES
OF BICARBONATE,
ALL RIGHT, BECAUSE WE HAVE THE 2 x 0.2.
SO ALL TOGETHER WE HAVE 0.60 MOLES OF SOLUTE.
SO NOTICE WHEN WE'RE ALL DONE WE HAVE TO GO
TO THE GLOBAL TERM SOLUTE
BECAUSE WE HAVE BOTH CALCIUM IONS
AND BICARBONATE IONS PRESENT.
BUT REMEMBER WITH OSMOSIS WE'RE LOOKING AT THE MOVEMENT
OF THE SOLVENT.
SO THE SOLVENT SEES CALCIUM AND BICARBONATE IONS THE SAME WAY,
SO THEN WE LUMP THEM ALTOGETHER, ALL RIGHT.
NOW, COMPARING THIS--
SO THIS WAS OUR IONIC COMPOUND,
AND NOW WE LOOK HERE HOW MANY MOLES
OF SOLUTES ARE FOUND IN ONE LITER
OF A 0.20 MOLAR METHANOL SOLUTION,
RIGHT, SO THIS IS A COVALENT COMPOUND, RIGHT.
SO THERE'S NO DISSOCIATION INTO IONS,
SO THE AMOUNT OF SOLUTE IS THE SAME 0.20 MOLES
OF METHANOL IN ONE LITER.
SO THAT WOULD BE THE--
SO THE MOLES OF SOLUTE WOULD JUST BE THE SAME BECAUSE,
REMEMBER, COVALENT COMPOUNDS DO NOT DISASSOCIATE
WHEN THEY ARE DISSOLVED IN A SOLUTION.
ALL RIGHT.
SO BECAUSE THIS IS SUCH AN IMPORTANT CONCEPT
LET'S DO ONE LAST EXERCISE
TO MAKE SURE THAT EVERYBODY UNDERSTANDS THE IDEA
OF SOLUTE CONCENTRATION.
SO TO ANSWER THIS QUESTION IS BUILDING ON YOUR ABILITY
TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN COVALENT COMPOUNDS AND IONIC COMPOUNDS,
AND IT SHOULD BE PRETTY EASY
BECAUSE I'VE GIVEN YOU METHANOL HERE.
SO WHEN WE LOOK HERE WE WOULD SAY THIS IS A COVALENT COMPOUND,
AND SO IT'S NOT GOING TO DISASSOCIATE.
SO THE SOLUTE CONCENTRATION IS GOING TO STAY 0.7 MOLAR SOLUTE.
HOWEVER, WHEN WE GET TO ALUMINUM CHLORIDE,
RIGHT, ALUMINUM CHLORIDE
WILL DISASSOCIATE INTO ONE ALUMINUM ION, RIGHT.
WE HAVE A 1:3 RATIO PLUS THREE CHLORIDE IONS.
SO WE SEE FROM EACH FORMULA UNIT
OF ALUMINUM CHLORIDE OVERALL WE GET FOUR SOLUTES.
SO WE STARTED WITH 0.25 MOLARITY,
WE'RE GOING TO MULTIPLY THAT BY THE FOUR.
SO OVERALL WE'RE GOING TO HAVE A ONE MOLAR SOLUTE CONCENTRATION.
POTASSIUM FLUORIDE 1:1 RATIO,
SO WE WILL GET ONE POTASSIUM ION AND ONE FLUORIDE ION.
SO HERE ONE FORMULA UNIT
OF POTASSIUM FLUORIDE CREATES TWO SOLUTES.
SO IF WE HAVE OUR 0.50 MOLAR WE'RE GOING TO MULTIPLY BY TWO.
SO LET'S MAKE SURE EVERYBODY SEES, RIGHT,
THAT FOUR'S COMING FROM THERE,
THAT TWO'S COMING FROM THERE,
AND SO, ONCE AGAIN,
WE'RE AT 1.0 MOLAR FOR THE SOLUTES, OKAY.
NOW CALCIUM BROMIDE, 1:2 RATIO,
YOU'LL HAVE ONE CALCIUM ION RELEASE AND TWO BROMIDE IONS,
ALL TOGETHER THREE SOLUTES ARE CREATED FROM ONE FORMULA UNIT
OF CALCIUM BROMIDE.
SO THE ORIGINAL CONCENTRATION WAS 0.35 MOLAR,
BUT THEN YOU HAVE MULTIPLY BY THREE
BECAUSE OF THE THREE IONS RELEASED,
SO THAT WOULD GIVE US 1.05 MOLARITY FOR OUR SOLUTES.
AND THEN LAST BUT NOT LEAST,
HERE'S POTASSIUM NITRATE, ONCE AGAIN,
A 1:1 RATIO,
SO WE END UP TWO SOLUTES.
SO WE STARTED WITH 0.4 MOLAR OF THE ORIGINAL SALT.
IT PRODUCES TWO SOLUTES,
AND SO WE WOULD GET 0.80 MOLARITY
FOR OUR OVERALL SOLUTE CONCENTRATION.
SO THE CORRECT ANSWER HERE IS D.
THE GREATEST SOLUTE CONCENTRATION IS GOING TO BE
THE 0.35 MOLAR CALCIUM BROMIDE
BECAUSE IT RELEASES THE THREE SOLUTES.
SO NOTICE IT'S A COMBINATION
OF LOOKING AT THE OVERALL CONCENTRATION AND UNDERSTANDING
HOW THESE SUBSTANCES REACT OR DISASSOCIATE IN WATER.
AND NOW WE CAN START ANSWERING QUESTIONS SIMILAR
TO WHAT YOU'LL FIND IN YOUR HOMEWORK,
AND QUIZZES, AND TESTS.
SO HERE WE HAVE WHEN THIS SAYS "OSMOTIC MEMBRANE"
YOU CAN ASSUME THAT MEANS SEMI-PERMEABLE, ALL RIGHT.
SO WE'RE GOING TO SAY THAT ONLY THE WATER MOVES.
COMPARTMENT "A" IS 0.4 MOLAR CALCIUM CHLORIDE,
COMPARTMENT B 0.5 MOLAR MAGNESIUM SULFATE.
RIGHT, SO WHICH WAY IS THE SOLVENT GOING TO MOVE?
WHAT IS THE DIRECTION OF OSMOSIS?
SO THERE'S SEVERAL WAYS WE COULD ASK THIS QUESTION.
SO WE'RE GOING TO PRACTICE THE SKILLS, RIGHT.
SO CALCIUM CHLORIDE IS GOING TO BE ONE CALCIUM
AND TWO CHLORIDES.
THAT GIVES US THREE SOLUTES.
SO FROM THE ORIGINAL
0.4 MOLAR WE'RE GOING TO MULTIPLY BY THREE.
SO THE SOLUTE CONCENTRATION WILL BE 1.2 MOLAR.
NOW WE LOOK AT MAGNESIUM SULFATE,
MAGNESIUM SULFATE'S IN A 1:1 RATIO,
SO WE'LL GET ONE MAGNESIUM ION AND ONE SULFATE ION.
SO WE GET TWO SOLUTES FROM EACH FORMULA UNIT
OF MAGNESIUM SULFATE.
SO WE HAVE OUR ORIGINAL CONCENTRATION
OF THE MAGNESIUM SULFATE,
WE MULTIPLY BY TWO,
AND SO THIS WOULD BE 1.0 MOLAR SOLUTE.
OKAY, SO LET'S APPLY WHAT WE'VE LEARNED SO FAR.
SO THIS HAS THE LOW SOLUTE CONCENTRATION
WHICH MEANS IT HAS THE HIGH SOLVENT CONCENTRATION.
THIS, OF COURSE, IS THE OPPOSITE,
HIGH SOLUTE CONCENTRATION, LOW SOLVENT.
SO THE SOLUTES ARE BLOCKED, ONLY THE SOLVENT CAN MOVE.
SO THE SOLVENT
ALWAYS WANTS TO MOVE FROM HIGH CONCENTRATION TO LOW.
SO THE WATER IS GOING TO MOVE FROM COMPARTMENT B
TO COMPARTMENT "A" WHICH WILL CAUSE COMPARTMENT
"A" THE LEVEL TO RISE.
SO THE ANSWER TO THIS QUESTION IS WHICH SIDE RISES,
AND IT WOULD BE SIDE "A."
BUT THERE WAS QUITE A BIT OF LOGIC AND REASONING
THAT WENT INTO DETERMINING THAT ANSWER.
SO NOW LET'S SEE HOW THIS RELATES TO THE IDEA OF TONICITY.
SO THE IDEA OF OSMOSIS
AND OSMOTIC PRESSURE IS VERY IMPORTANT
TO THE HELP OF OUR CELLS.
SO THE TOTAL SOLUTE CONCENTRATION
OF A RED BLOOD CELL IS 0.28 MOLAR.
SO REMEMBER THAT THAT MEANS MOLES PER LITER,
AND SO THIS IS FOR ALL OF THE SOLUTES
IN THE SOLUTION OF THE RED BLOOD CELL.
SO TONICITY IS THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN THE OVERALL CONCENTRATION OF A SOLUTION
AND THE NORMAL SOLUTE CONCENTRATION
OF RED BLOOD CELLS.
AND SO THIS HAS TO DO WITH INTRAVENOUS SOLUTIONS
IN THAT WHEN WE INJECT A SOLUTION INTO OUR BODY
WE NEED TO MAKE SURE THAT THE OVERALL
SOLUTE CONCENTRATION LEVEL IS EQUIVALENT
TO OUR RED BLOOD CELLS.
OTHERWISE, WE WILL CAUSE OUR RED BLOOD CELLS
TO EXPLODE OR SHRIVEL.
SO THAT'S THIS LAST PIECE
THAT WE'RE GOING TO FILL IN RIGHT NOW, ALL RIGHT.
SO A HYPER TONIC SOLUTION IS A SOLUTION
WITH A HIGHER SOLUTE CONCENTRATION
THAN OUR CELLS, RIGHT.
SO THAT WOULD BE A SOLUTE CONCENTRATION THAT'S GREATER
0.28 MOLAR.
ISOTONIC, THIS IS WHAT WE WANT, RIGHT.
THIS IS WHERE THE SOLUTE CONCENTRATION IS EQUAL
TO THE SOLUTE CONCENTRATION OF OUR RED BLOOD CELLS.
AND THEN HYPOTONIC, THAT'S LOW, RIGHT,
SO NOW THE SOLUTE CONCENTRATION IS GOING TO BE
BELOW THE CONCENTRATION OF THE RED BLOOD CELLS.
MAYBE WE'LL PUT THAT THERE JUST TO EMPHASIZE, OKAY.
SO NOW I THINK SOME STUDENTS MEMORIZE THIS PART,
BUT I JUST TEND TO REASON THROUGH IT EACH AND EVERY TIME.
SO LET'S SAY WE HAVE A SOLUTION,
AND WE PUT A RED BLOOD CELL IN THERE, OKAY.
SO WHAT HAPPENS TO RED BLOOD CELLS
IF THEY ARE EXPOSED TO HYPOTONIC SOLUTION?
SO THIS IS A HYPOTONIC SOLUTION, RIGHT.
SO HYPOTONIC MEANS THAT IT'S THE LOW SOLUTE CONCENTRATION.
OKAY, REMEMBER THAT A LOW SOLUTE CONCENTRATION CORRESPONDS
TO A HIGH SOLVENT CONCENTRATION.
SO IF WE COMPARE THAT TO THE RED BLOOD CELL,
SO THEN THE RED BLOOD CELL,
IT HAS THE HIGH SOLUTE CONCENTRATION
AND THE LOW SOLVENT.
SO BECAUSE OF THE SEMI-PERMEABLE MEMBRANE
THE SOLUTE'S NOT GOING TO MOVE,
IT'S GOING TO BE THE WATER, WHICH IS THE SOLVENT.
EVERYTHING MOVES FROM HIGH CONCENTRATION TO LOW,
SO THE SOLVENT IS GOING TO WANT TO MOVE INTO THE RED BLOOD CELL,
AND THAT'S GOING TO CAUSE THE RED BLOOD CELL
TO EXPAND AND BURST,
AND THE TERM FOR THAT IS HEMOLYSIS.
NOW WE'LL LOOK AT THE OPPOSITES, WHICH ONCE WE'VE DONE ONE
THE NEXT ONE SEEMS A LITTLE OBVIOUS,
BUT WE'LL WORK THROUGH THE LOGIC ANYWAY.
THIS TIME WE WILL HAVE A HYPERTONIC SOLUTION,
AND, ONCE AGAIN,
WE'LL HAVE OUR RED BLOOD CELL SITTING INSIDE, ALL RIGHT.
SO HYPERTONIC MEANS HIGH SOLUTE CONCENTRATION,
WHICH WILL CORRESPOND TO LOW SOLVENT CONCENTRATION.
AND THEN IF WE COMPARE THAT TO THE RED BLOOD CELL NOW
THE RED BLOOD CELL HAS THE LOW SOLUTE CONCENTRATION,
WHICH MEANS IT HAS THE HIGH SOLVENT.
SO EVERYTHING
ALWAYS WANTS TO MOVE FROM HIGH CONCENTRATION TO LOW,
SO NOW THE SOLVENT IS GOING TO MOVE OUT OF THE CELL.
AND SO THE CELL IS GOING TO SHRIVEL,
AND THE TERM FOR THAT IS CALLED CRENATION.
ALL RIGHT, SO WE'VE COVERED A LOT OF IMPORTANT TOPICS HERE,
DIFFUSION, OSMOSIS,
CONNECTING OUR UNDERSTANDING OF IONIC AND COVALENT COMPOUNDS
TO UNDERSTANDING HOW THEY EFFECT THE OVERALL SOLUTE CONCENTRATION
IN THE SOLUTION,
AND THEN ULTIMATELY, HOW THAT BECOMES IMPORTANT
WITH I.V. THERAPIES, BECAUSE WE DON'T WANT TO BE
BURSTING OR SHRIVELING OUR RED BLOOD CELLS.
SO I HOPE YOU FOUND THIS USEFUL,
AND THAT YOU'LL TAKE SOME TIME NOW
TO WORK THROUGH SOME HOMEWORK PROBLEMS
TO REINFORCE YOUR UNDERSTANDING.